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Writing for the 5-to-4 majority in Everson, Black declared, “No tax in any amount, large or small, can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions, whatever they may be called, or whatever form they may adopt to teach or practice religion.” So far, so good. But Black also argued that government “cannot hamper its citizens in the free exercise of their own religion. Consequently, it cannot exclude individual Catholics, Lutherans, Mohammedans, Baptists, Jews, Methodists, Nonbelievers, Presbyterians, or the members of any other faith, because of their faith, or lack of it,from receiving the benefits of public welfare legislation.” The Court therefore ruled that New Jersey’s policy of reimbursing parents for bus transportation to and from parochial schools did not violate the First Amendment’s ban on “an establishment of religion” because the state was merely supplying a general service to all schools.
When the Constitution was adopted in the 18th century, Justice Black’s two principles—1) citizens cannot be taxed to support religious activities, and 2) the state may not deny tax-financed public welfare benefits to any citizen based on his religious beliefs—rarely conflicted. “In an era with few public welfare benefits,” Laycock explained in a 2006 essay from his collection Religious Liberty, “no-aid [to religious activities] protected citizens from being forced to contribute to churches involuntarily: it protected the churches from financial dependence on government, and thus from government control.”
But with the relentless expansion of the welfare state, this separation of church and government transfers became a thing of the past. In their 1997 book The Challenge of Pluralism, political scientists Stephen Monsma of Calvin College and J. Christopher Soper of Pepperdine University argued that government funding of secular nonprofit public service programs places similar religious programs “at a government-created disadvantage.” This claim makes sense only if one assumes that government agencies are engaged in teaching religious or nonreligious beliefs as they dispense food stamps, rent vouchers, and vaccines. A cynical public choice analysis suggests that both churches and government welfare agencies may see themselves in competition when it comes to increasing the number of people who are dependent upon them.
To address concerns that religious organizations are “disadvantaged” by competition with secular welfare agencies, recent administrations have devised ways to shower tax dollars on various faith-based initiatives. The total amount of tax money involved is hard to determine. But Catholic Charities affiliates, for example, received more than 60 percent of their budgets (nearly $3 billion) from government sources in 2010, while only 3 percent came from diocesan church contributions. Subsidizing a religious group’s welfare activities, of course, frees up other funds to be used for nonsecular purposes.
There is a way to call a ceasefire in Rick Santorum’s culture war. As Monsma and Soper observe, “Government’s advantaging of the secular over the religious could be avoided if government would simply stay out of a given policy area.” But they think there is no way to untangle the contentious church/state social service mess into which we’ve gotten ourselves. Here they are wrong.
Consider public education. States and localities could collect tax dollars as usual and then offer school vouchers that parents could use to send their children to whatever religious or secular school they choose. States likewise could use vouchers to subsidize higher education, rather than running their own universities.
What about health insurance? The tax code could be reformed so that employers give their workers cash instead of medical benefits, allowing individuals to select the private health plan that works best for them, deciding for themselves whether they want coverage for contraception, abortion, sterilization, stem cell treatments, and so on. The poor could receive tax-financed vouchers to buy whatever private insurance they prefer. In fact, most public welfare services, including job training, nutrition support, and drug treatment, could be converted into voucher programs.
Religious groups have always been welcome to make their cases in the public square, but if churches want to be left alone, they should stop begging for alms from the government. Rick Santorum should heed Ronald Reagan’s admonition. “We establish no religion in this country,” Reagan declared in 1984. “We command no worship, we mandate no belief, nor will we ever. Church and state are, and must remain, separate.”
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