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In Article III, the unamended Constitution provided for jury trials in criminal cases[1] as follows:
“The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.”
Right to a Criminal Jury Trial Protected Twice in the ConstitutionThe idea of a jury trial in criminal cases was so important that this provision was thought insufficient by opponents of the Constitution’s ratification.[2] When the Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791, the Sixth Amendment included:
“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a … trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law…”
The Fundamental Nature of Juries
The idea of the jury is perhaps the most fundamental idea in the Bill of Rights. The right of jury trial in criminal cases was the only right guaranteed in in all state constitutions adopted between 1776 and 1787. While the unamended Constitution did not contain a general Bill of Rights, as mentioned above Article III specifically secured the right of juries in criminal trials. Once adopted the Bill of Rights included three amendments relating to juries.[3] Thomas Jefferson expressed the critical importance of juries as a limit on government in that trials by jury were “trials by the people themselves.”[4]
How Juries Came to Assume Such Import to the Founders King Henry II’s Assize of Clarendon in 1166 provided that twelve community members would decide whether a person would be charged with a crime[5] and imposed a duty on the citizenry to attend and judge at the trial. These provisions had little to do with protecting the rights of the accused, and more with establishing thepolitical legitimacy[6] of the government by providing a veneer of community involvement.
Henry II established a rudimentary “jury” that found its way to British North America. The role of the jury acquired a decidedly American flavor in 1733 with the trial of John Peter Zenger. Zenger was a printer, charged with seditious libel[7] for publishing criticism of the royal governor. Zenger had clearly broken the law as it stood in 1733, but his lawyer, Andrew Hamilton[8] argued that the law was unfair and Zenger should be found not guilty. In less than ten minutes, the colonial jury did find Zenger not guilty.[9]
Over time, American juries began to regularly protect defendants from English laws that colonists thought unfair or unjust. The English response was to have more and more cases removed from jury decisions and make provisions for trials of crimes in America to take place in England. The English response to the growing power of American juries was the source of the jury grievance in the Declaration of Independence.In America, the jury’s purpose had changed from serving the king’s needs to protecting citizens from oppressive government. This uniquely American limit on government was something the Founders deemed critical to securing the blessings of liberty for themselves and their posterity.
There is no greater exercise of government power than the prosecution of criminal charges. The Founders saw it so crucial to put a jury of citizens between the government and a person accused of a crime that such a limit is twice in the Constitution, in Article III and in the Sixth Amendment.
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